水產飼料粒度控制要求與粒度控制技術

nety · 發(fā)表于 2007-7-12 19:03:52

原載：《新飼料》雜志2006年第1期 江南大學食品學院/過世東<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><o:p></o:p>
摘要:本文分析了原料粒度對消化率、營養(yǎng)平衡、顆粒質量等的影響，提出水產飼料    的粒度要求；建議通過粉碎設備的正確選用、粉碎作業(yè)的合理安排及規(guī)范粒度檢測制度等措施來保證水產飼料的粒度質量。
關鍵詞：水產飼料  粒度  加工質量
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1. 粒度對消化率的影響<o:p></o:p>
1.1 粒度與消化率
飼料被水產動物食入后，在齒嚼、腸胃蠕動等機械力作用下破碎并和消化液攪拌混合。消化液浸潤并水解飼料，使其中的蛋白質、淀粉、脂肪等大分子營養(yǎng)物質成為可吸收利用的小分子。
飼料被消化,首先得和消化液接觸。增加飼料粒子的表面積，就增加了飼料和消化液的直接接觸面積，同時也加快了消化液滲透到飼料粒子內部的速度。飼料粒子表面積不容易直接測得，但可由以下公式計算飼料粒子總表面積：
<?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" /><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/work_1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msoclip1/01/clip_image001.wmz"></v:imagedata> 
式中：At：粉料粒子總表面積（cm2）<o:p></o:p>
      φS：表面積形狀系數(shù)，球形φS=π<o:p></o:p>
      w：總質量（g）<o:p></o:p>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 58.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 5.57; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>φV：體積形狀系數(shù), 球形φV=π/6<o:p></o:p>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 58.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 5.57; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>ρ：密度（g/cm3）<o:p></o:p>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 58.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 5.57; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>sgw：粒度幾何標準差（cm）<o:p></o:p>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 58.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 5.57; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>dgww：幾何平均粒度（cm）<o:p></o:p>
飼料粉碎越細，粒度越小，表面積越大，和消化液接觸面越大，消化液浸透飼料所需的時間就越短。蝦和部分魚的消化道很短，更有必要增加粒子表面積，以縮短飼料消化所需的時間，提高飼料消化率。
1.2 水產飼料原料粒度標準
各種水產動物及不同生長期的同種水產動物對飼料的粉碎粒度要求不同。在我國2003年前的水產行業(yè)標準中對此提出的指標如表1。
表1        水產飼料原料粉碎粒度標準<o:p></o:p>
<TABLE style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; MARGIN-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 315.2pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=420 border=1>
<TBODY>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 20.2pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 55.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" vAlign=top width=73>
飼料名稱</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
適用期</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
試驗篩網(wǎng)孔尺寸/mm</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
篩上物比例/%</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 74.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=99>
引自于標準</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 21.2pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 55.05pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=73 rowSpan=4>
鯉魚飼料</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46 rowSpan=2>
魚種</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.425</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤1</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 74.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=99 rowSpan=4>
SC/T1026—2002</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 21.2pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.250</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤10</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 21.2pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46 rowSpan=2>
成魚</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.600</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤1</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 21.2pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.425</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤10</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 21.2pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 55.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" vAlign=top width=73 rowSpan=3>
草魚飼料</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
魚苗</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.250</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤15.0</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 74.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=99 rowSpan=3>
SC/T1024—2002</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 21.2pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
魚種</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.355</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤10.0</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 21.2pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
食用魚</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.500</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤10.0</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 21.2pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 55.05pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=73 rowSpan=3>
大黃魚飼料</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
魚苗</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.20</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤6.0</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 74.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 21.2pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=99 rowSpan=3>
SC/T2012—2002</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 13.1pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
魚種</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.25</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤3.0</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 13.1pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
食用魚</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.25</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤5.0</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 13.1pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 55.05pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=73 rowSpan=3>
真鯛飼料</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
稚魚</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.20</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤5.0</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 74.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=99 rowSpan=2>
SC/T2007—2001</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 13.1pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
苗種</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.25</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤2.0</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 13.1pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
養(yǎng)成魚</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.25</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤5.0</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 74.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.1pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=99>
 <o:p></o:p></TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 55.05pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=73 rowSpan=3>
牙鲆飼料</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
稚魚</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.20</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤5.0</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 74.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=99 rowSpan=3>
SC/T2006—2001</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
苗種</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.25</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤2.0</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
養(yǎng)成魚</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.25</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤5.0</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 55.05pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=73 rowSpan=3>
虹鱒飼料</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
魚苗</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.15</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
0</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 74.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=99 rowSpan=3>
SC/T1030.7—1999</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
魚種</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.30</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
0</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
育成魚</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.45</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
0</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 55.05pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=73 rowSpan=3>
中華鱉飼料</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
稚鱉</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.18</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤4</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 74.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=99 rowSpan=3>
SC/T1047—2001</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
幼鱉</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.18</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤6</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
成鱉</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.18</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤8</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 55.05pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=73 rowSpan=2>
對蝦飼料</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46 rowSpan=2>
整個養(yǎng)殖期</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.425</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤2</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 74.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=99 rowSpan=2>
SC/T2002—2002</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.250</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤5</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 55.05pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=73 rowSpan=4>
蛙類飼料</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
蝌蚪</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.180</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤5.0</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 74.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=99 rowSpan=4>
SC/T1056—2002</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
仔蛙</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.180</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤5.0</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
幼蛙</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.250</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤5.0</TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 16.15pt">
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 34.8pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=46>
成蛙</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 82.75pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=110>
0.250</TD>
<TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 68.3pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 16.15pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" vAlign=top width=91>
≤5.0</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
水產行業(yè)標準的制訂中，既考慮了當時水產養(yǎng)殖對飼料加工質量的要求，又兼顧了飼料生產的總體水平。隨著養(yǎng)殖模式的改變、養(yǎng)殖水平及飼料生產水平的提高，部分標準也將修正和完善。
2. 粒度對產品均勻度的影響<o:p></o:p>
2.1．均勻度對粒度的要求
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>Pfost從數(shù)理統(tǒng)計理論分析出，只有當一組分的粒子數(shù)在每份料中多于900顆時，對該組份的檢測準確性才有保證。某組份在各份飼料中的粒子數(shù)大于等于20顆時，營養(yǎng)偏差才不至于很大。也就是說，飼料產品的均勻與否，不僅僅由混合設備而定，如某一組分的粒子數(shù)不足，該組份是難以分布均勻的。
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>當某一組分在飼料中占有的配比確定后，這一組份在每份飼料中的平均粒子數(shù)取決于兩個因素：每份料的重量和該組份的粒度。
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>考慮動物對營養(yǎng)組分的利用和調節(jié)能力，在飼料均勻度評定中，通常以每一動物個體，每日的采食量為每份飼料的重量。因種類和生長期的不同，水產動物的日采食量有很大的變動范圍。成年青魚和草魚的日采食量可達30g以上，而幼蝦的日采食量僅幾毫克。某一組分，如以同樣的粒度和配比分別出現(xiàn)在成年青魚飼料和幼蝦飼料中，則每份成年青魚料中該組分的粒子數(shù)就是幼蝦料中的數(shù)千倍。該組份在成年青魚料中分布均勻毫不困難，而在幼蝦料中就有可能無法分布均勻。
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>對于粒度均一的組份，可由組份重量按下式算出粒子數(shù)：
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/work_1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msoclip1/01/clip_image003.wmz"></v:imagedata> 
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>式中：Nt：粉料粒子數(shù)（個）
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>      w：總重量（g）
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>      ρ：密度（g/cm3）<o:p></o:p>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 55.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 5.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>φv：體積形狀系數(shù)，球形φv=π/6<o:p></o:p>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 55.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 5.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>d：粒徑（cm）
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>上式表示，顆粒個數(shù)與粒徑的三次方成反比。將粒徑縮小成原粒徑的一半，顆粒個數(shù)相應增加7倍。
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>水產飼料中除某些粒度很小的化工產品可近似地將其視為粒度均一，絕大部分經粉碎后的原料都有較寬的粒度分布范圍。對粒度分布不均勻的組份，按下式計算而得的粒子數(shù)更接近于實際粒子數(shù) 
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>式中：Nt、ρ、φv同上一式<o:p></o:p>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>      sgw：粒度幾何標準差<o:p></o:p>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>      dgw：幾何平均粒度（cm）
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>在水產飼料生產及檢測中，常將粉狀料能通過某一檢查篩作為衡量粉料粗細度的依據(jù)。如將粉料粒子近似地視為球體，則檢查篩篩孔的尺寸就表示了粉料中最大顆粒的直徑。對粉碎產物而言，粉料的平均粒徑近似等于最大粒子直徑的1/3。
根據(jù)配方、粉碎后能通過的檢查篩篩號及飼料種類，可算出某一組份具有的粒子數(shù)，由此判斷該組份在成品中分布均勻的可能性。也可按混合均勻所需粒子數(shù)，確定某一組份必須達到的粉碎粒度。
2.2．特殊飼料形式對粒度的要求
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>幼小魚蝦體型小，日采食量僅數(shù)毫克或幾十毫克。而在每一份日糧中又包含著幾十種飼料組分。只有當這些組分的粒度足夠小時，它們才可能被幼小魚蝦均勻地采食。<o:p></o:p>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>用于幼魚、幼蝦的微囊飼料本身粒徑就極小，若要求每一顆飼料都保證營養(yǎng)全面，則飼料原料必須粉碎的更細小。表2列出了微囊蝦飼料中，要使配比量為1%，0.5%，0.1%的三種組份在每顆成品飼料中達到20粒所允許的原料最大粒徑。
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.65pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left><o:p></o:p> 
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.7pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>表2            微囊蝦飼料原料最大允許粒徑         （μm）<o:p></o:p>
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適用生長期<o:p></o:p></TD>
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微囊飼料<o:p></o:p></TD>
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1%組分</TD>
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0.5%組分<o:p></o:p></TD>
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0.1%組分<o:p></o:p></TD></TR>
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蚤狀期<o:p></o:p></TD>
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100<o:p></o:p></TD>
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24<o:p></o:p></TD>
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19<o:p></o:p></TD>
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11<o:p></o:p></TD></TR>
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糠蝦期<o:p></o:p></TD>
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200<o:p></o:p></TD>
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48<o:p></o:p></TD>
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38<o:p></o:p></TD>
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22<o:p></o:p></TD></TR>
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仔蝦期<o:p></o:p></TD>
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500<o:p></o:p></TD>
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119<o:p></o:p></TD>
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94<o:p></o:p></TD>
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55<o:p></o:p></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
 
 
以撞擊力為主的固體粉碎機極少能將飼料粉碎到粒徑小于50μm。根據(jù)表4-1-6的要求，必須采用特殊的方法進行微囊飼料的原料粉碎。膠體磨等用于食品、制藥、化工等行業(yè)的濕料粉碎設備成為制作微囊飼料的必備工具。但要得到粒度小于10μm的粉碎物，在目前仍是微囊飼料加工中的一項技術難點。對某些組份選用可溶性原料。溶解后，使其以分子狀態(tài)混入其它組分，從而提高均勻分布性。
用于飼料粒度檢測的標準篩，篩孔尺寸不小于45μm。當篩孔尺寸小于45μm時，篩理過程極難正常進行。對于微囊飼料原料的粒度測定應采用顯微鏡法、氣流分級法等進行。
3. 粒度對制粒質量的影響<o:p></o:p>
3.1．粒度與調質
水產飼料加工中的調質是對原料的水熱處理過程。當蒸汽與飼料原料接觸時，熱量和水分同時作用于各個粉粒的表面并向粉粒內部傳遞。熱量的傳遞依靠粉粒內部分子振動按溫度梯度從表及里快速進行。而水分的傳遞則通過粉粒中存在的毛細管慢慢向內滲透。圖1中的兩條曲線，一條表示粉粒周邊由水包裹時，粉粒中心水分由12%達到30%所需的時間；另一條曲線為粉粒周邊溫度為95℃時，粒心溫度由室溫達到90℃所需的時間。

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圖1的試驗結果反映出，熱量的傳遞速度遠遠快于水份的傳遞速度。既然調質是對物料的水熱處理，只有在水分和熱量同時作用于物料時才會達到應有的效果。水分傳遞所需時間長將影響調質中的水熱處理效果。只有減短水分完全濕潤粉粒所需的時間，才能增加水分和熱量共同作用于全部飼料的時間。
粉粒的粒度減小，可增加水分進入粒子內部的通道和減小水分達到粒心的距離，是縮短滲透所需時間的有效措施。因而在一定范圍內減小原料粒度是提高調質效果的常用手段。
從單個粉粒來看，粒子越小，被蒸汽完全濕潤所需時間越短。但在水產飼料生產中，并非所有徑微粉碎的物料都能在很短的時間內達到理想的水分分布。隨著粒度的減小，飼料的流動性變差，易于結團。在蒸汽質量遠低于粉粒質量的調質條件下，常形成內干外濕的料團。一些實驗中出現(xiàn)粉碎越細，調質效果越差的結果，粉料結團可能是主要原因。改良調質器的蒸汽進入方式、增大槳板轉速及調整槳板偏角等措施，能在某種程度上減小細粉物料團的直徑。
圖1 顯示的水分傳遞時間曲線與二次方程曲線相吻合，即濕潤粒心所需的時間隨粒徑的二次方增加。當粉粒粒徑較大時，其增量很可觀，但在粉粒粒徑很小的情況下，再減小粒徑，濕潤粒心所需時間的絕對量減少就意義不大了。所以，實際生產中反映出，在粒徑的一定范圍內，調質效果最為理想。
3.2．粒度與耐水性
硬顆粒壓制中，在壓輥、壓模作用下，飼料穿越模孔成型而出。各粉粒過孔期間的變形、貼緊、粘合等物理變化進行的程度與粒子大小有關。原料粒度大，則難以軟化，可塑性差；粒子間接觸面積小，易留下空隙；具粘結力的物料不易分布均勻，不具粘結力的物料更易于脫落。這些特性使粒度大的原料難以制得耐水性好的硬顆粒水產飼料。采用不同加工工藝進行同一配方的水產硬顆粒飼料生產，產品耐水性狀況如表3所示。
表3      微粉碎對硬顆粒耐水性的影響<o:p></o:p>
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加工方法</TD>
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流水中10分鐘
顆粒完好率%</TD></TR>
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不經微粉碎、不調質</TD>
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24.3</TD></TR>
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經微粉碎、不調質</TD>
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74.5</TD></TR>
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不經微粉碎、調質</TD>
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78.9</TD></TR>
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經微粉碎、調質</TD>
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88.0</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
制粒前不管是否調質，原料微粉碎都有益于提高產品的耐水性。表3的結果也反映出，微粉碎和調質對改良顆粒耐水性都有效。也僅當這兩項操作合理配合時，產品耐水性才有保障。
3.3．粒度與顆粒表面 
硬顆粒水產飼料制造中，原料中的大粉粒在三個方面影響產品的表面質量。在圓柱體顆粒飼料兩端，大粒子原料使切口不平。坑洼的端面不僅影響外觀，同時會增加顆粒飼料的含粉率；在成型過程中，大粒子與周邊其它物料受力不勻，使顆粒飼料中存在較大的內應力。在冷卻干燥、儲運等操作中，內應力加大導致顆粒表面裂縫或是顆粒斷裂，影響顆粒大小的均一和表面的平整；各種原料的顏色不同。各種大粒子原料間的色差、大粒子與細粉末間的色差，在顆粒飼料表面留下不規(guī)則斑點，給人以不均勻的感覺。 
水產飼料原料中常含有糠麩、餅粕等粗纖維含量較高的原料。粗纖維含量高的物料不易軟化，不易變形，一旦出現(xiàn)在擠壓顆粒飼料表面，常使顆粒外觀凹凸毛糙；存在于顆粒表面的大粉粒，如與周邊物料的膨化度不一致就會引起表面的不平整；擠壓過程中未能達到熔融狀態(tài)的原料，對產品表面均一性都會有影響，其影響的程度和這些原料的粒徑相關。 
原料經過適當微粉碎后，在同等的調質和擠壓條件下，一方面粒子的相對軟化和變形程度增加，擠壓過程中的機械力可消去部分棱角；另一方面粒子體積小，對產品表面不平整程度的影響也小。要制得表面光潔的擠壓飼料，原料微粉碎是有效措施之一。特別在采用孔徑小于2mm的模板生產擠壓飼料時，大粒徑的原料對飼料表面質量的影響極為明顯。 
表面毛糙影響擠壓顆粒飼料的外觀，并會使含粉率有所增高。但尚未見因表面不光潔影響采食量或消化率等的報道。擠壓顆粒飼料的表面平整或光潔度對養(yǎng)殖效果有多大影響？如何對這些表面質量提出既有利于加工，又無損于養(yǎng)殖的要求？這些問題還有待于研究和討論。
4. 避免不合格粒度的措施 <o:p></o:p>
4.1．選用合適的粉碎設備
產品品種較少的水產飼料廠，如專一生產鰻魚、龜鱉飼料的生產廠家，或專一生產普通魚飼料的廠家，建廠時選定一臺粉碎機后，所有產品都由該粉碎機粉碎。在產品對粉碎粒度要求變化時，通過改換篩片或改變離心氣流分級器轉速等方法在小范圍內進行粒度調節(jié)。 
這類廠家中，產品粒度是否合適，很大程度上決定于選用的粉碎機是否合適。不同類型的粉碎設備適用于粉碎產品不同的粒度要求和不同的原料特性。采用立式微粉碎機粉碎普通成魚飼料，會因能耗，設備易損件等的費用高而使加工成本大幅度增加。以普通有篩錘片粉碎機粉碎鰻魚或蝦飼料，勢必選用篩孔直徑極小的篩片。即使如此，產品粒度仍得不到保證，粉碎產量、電耗、篩片破損速度及料溫過高等會使生產廠家難以承受。 
粉碎設備在日常操作管理中也會引起粉碎產品粒度變化。同一臺粉碎機，經一段時間工作后，與物料接觸的部件會磨損，錘擊件與固定的篩片或齒板的間隙將增大。即使其它加工參數(shù)都不變，間隙的增加就會明顯增大粉碎產品粒度。粉碎機篩片的非常規(guī)破損、離心氣流分級器轉速的自動漂移或風速波動等也會是這類廠家粉碎不當?shù)脑颉?lt;BR>
另一類水產飼料廠的產品品種多，普通魚飼料，蝦飼料及龜鱉飼料都生產。在一條生產線中配有兩種類型不同的粉碎機。針對具體的原料和產品，有三種粉碎方案可選擇。當原料和產品的粒度差較大時，兩種類型粉碎設備串聯(lián)使用，即先粗粉碎，后微粉碎的二次粉碎方案，往往產量高，能耗低，產品粒度更有保障。 
即使采用了兩種類型的粉碎機，由于產品的多樣性，對每一種類的粉碎機都要求在較大的范圍內變化產品粒度。如微粉碎機既用于生產蝦飼料，又用于生產鰻魚飼料。蝦飼料和鰻魚飼料的粒度要求就不一樣，加上蝦飼料中再分成蝦飼料、中蝦飼料和幼蝦飼料等，鰻魚飼料中分成鰻飼料，幼鰻飼料、黑仔鰻飼料及白仔鰻飼料等，希望從一臺微粉碎機中得到4-5種粒度規(guī)格不同的粉碎產物。 
這種類型的廠家中，粉碎粒度變化范圍寬，加上生產品種變化頻率高，要求操作過程中應用加工流程、篩孔尺寸、進料量、風量、轉速等多種調節(jié)手段來適應粒度要求變化。并通過詳盡的操作記錄來量化設備操作要求，以求在產品品種變換時，及時設定合適的參數(shù)。 
4.2．免粉碎原料的正確選擇
水產飼料生產中，部分原料不經粉碎直接與其它粉碎后的原料混合。部分原料免粉碎的目的或是為了減少粉碎能耗、提高產量，或是為了使某些原料免于粉碎過程中遭受破壞。 
　　何種原料可決定為免粉碎原料，首先看其粉碎過程中的破壞程度，而后看其粒度。有多種維生素在粉碎時和粉碎后生理效價大幅下降。在選購維生素原料時盡量取細粉末狀的產品。某些水溶性原料，如B屬維生素等，只要具有足夠的粒子數(shù)在飼料中能分布均勻，雖粒徑較大，但在粉末飼料中并不影響飼料的營養(yǎng)價值。粉末飼料飼喂前的加水攪拌使這些可溶性原料成為溶液后附著于其它物料上，粉末狀時的大粒在飼喂前已消失。 
　　將某些細粉末狀的蛋白源或能量源原料固定為免粉碎原料也易導致產品粒度不合格。原料的產地、生產廠家不同，同品種的原料粒度會有較大的不同。同一原料生產廠家在不同季節(jié)或不同參數(shù)下生產的原料，粒度也有差異。同類飼料在飼喂對象的不同生長期，要求有不同的飼料粉碎粒度。應對這些變化的方法是健全原料粒度檢測制度，按批對照產品粒度要求，而后決定免粉碎原料品種。 
　　礦物添加劑預混料通常粒度較細，但在水產飼料加工中不宜作為免粉碎原料。一則礦物添加劑預混料用量少，免粉碎對提高產量，降低電耗貢獻不大；二則礦物添加劑預混料易于成團結塊。一旦團塊狀的礦物添加劑進入飼料成品，會對養(yǎng)殖動物的健康形成較大的隱患。 
4.3．防止不同產品間的混雜
針對不同種類的水產動物或同類水產動物的不同生長期，所要求的飼料粒度有很大的差異。在同一條飼料生產線上，前批飼料在設備中的殘留物會進入后批生產的飼料中。當換品種生產細小粒度的飼料產品時，前批飼料的大粒子原料將影響該批飼料的粒度質量。防止因產品間混雜而引起的粒度質量下降可從批次間清理、生產作業(yè)安排及設備和工藝路線調整三方面進行。
生產過程中，更換成粉碎粒子更細的產品前，混合機、提升機、螺旋輸送機、調質器及部分料倉和溜管等有物料殘留的設備需進行清理。清理按生產流程，自粉碎機后由前向后逐臺設備進行。 
　　安排營養(yǎng)要求和粒度要求相近的產品銜接生產，盡量避免由粉碎要求不高的產品直接轉換生產粉碎要求很高的產品。
有一定生產規(guī)模的水產飼料廠，不宜將普通魚飼料和蝦、蟹飼料，或粉狀飼料和粒狀飼料置于同一條生產線中。不同飼料在原料要求、粉碎粒度要求、營養(yǎng)要求等方面差異較大。在同一條生產線中生產不同種類的水產飼料，為防止混雜而需要的清理工作量會很大，并由此降低生產能力，增加單位質量產品的生產成本。在設備投資富裕的工廠，采用帶自清裝置的自清式混合機、自清式斗式提升機等，能較大程度地減少互混引起的產品質量下降。 
4.4. 規(guī)范粒度檢測制度
粉碎粒度是水產飼料的重要加工質量指標之一。規(guī)范化的檢測，是這一質量指標的必要保證措施。
在水產飼料生產線安裝時，就有必要在粉碎后及調質前各設置一個取樣口。通過前一個取樣口獲取粉碎物或分級后的粉碎物樣品。該樣品的粒度可反映出粉碎機的工作狀況。篩板孔徑是否合適，篩板有無破損，分級器調節(jié)是否合理及齒板和錘擊件的磨損等都可引起該樣品的粒度變化。調質前獲取樣品，粉狀飼料生產則在成品打包前獲取樣品。所有對粒度有影響的因素都會引起該樣品的粒度變化。如粉碎后樣品的粒度合格，則引起最終產品粒度不合格的原因可著重在免粉碎原料和混雜兩方面尋找。
粒度檢測分化驗員檢測和操作工檢測兩級進行。化驗員對每一個生產品種在調質前或成品處取樣化驗。按行業(yè)標準或企業(yè)標準進行粒度測定，由測定數(shù)據(jù)得出粒度是否合格的結論。操作工則需在每一個品種生產的開始，中間和將結束時三次檢測粉碎后的物料粒度。并在每一品種開始生產時檢測調質前的物料粒度。操作工檢測為粗檢測，按產品要求選用一個檢查篩，該檢查篩篩孔尺寸與產品的最大允許粉碎粒徑相當。當檢查篩上發(fā)現(xiàn)有較多篩上物時則需對粉碎機、分級器等與產品粒度有關的設備進行細致檢查，找出大粉粒的產生原因并及時進行必要的調整。開始生產某批飼料時，在混合工序后對中間產品的粒度進行檢測。根據(jù)檢測結果判定免粉碎原料合適與否。 
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27.1pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt" align=left>參考文獻：
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