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    畜牧人
    
標(biāo)題: Nutrients Standards for pigs in Denmark [打印本頁(yè)]
    

    
作者: bonderic    時(shí)間: 2008-2-28 18:44
    
標(biāo)題: Nutrients Standards for pigs in Denmark
    非常好的一篇文章，我是從丹麥的養(yǎng)豬網(wǎng)站復(fù)制下來(lái)的，供大家學(xué)習(xí)一下，不過(guò)丹麥用了一個(gè)新的飼料單位，有時(shí)我還看不懂，歡迎大家共同討論學(xué)習(xí)。
    
The Danish feed evaluation system In 2002, a new feed evaluation system was introduced in Denmark. This system is based on the physiological energy value of the nutrients and on their standardised digestibility, and two new feed units were introduced replacing the old feed unit: FUgp (feed units for weaners, growers and finishers) and FUsow (feed units for sows).
    
In practice, the Danish energy evaluation is based on:
    
1. Chemical analyses of water, ash, crude protein and crude fat
    
2. In vitro digestibilities at ileal and faecal levels
    
3. Energy values of nutrients based on "potential physiological values".
    
The protein evaluation system is based on the standardised ileal digestibility for each amino acid.
    
A typical complete diet has the following energy content per kg diet:

    

    FUgp/FUsow 
    MJ ME 
    MJ NE 
    MJ physiological energy 
    Lactation diets
    

    1.06 FUsow
    13.3
    9.6
    7.9
    Gestation diets
    

    0.99 FUsow
    12.6
    8.8
    7.4
    Weaner diets, 6-9 kg
    

    1.18 FUgp
    14.4
    10.5
    8.7
    Weaner diets, 9-30 kg
    

    1.17 FUgp
    14.1
    10.4
    8.6
    Finisher diets, 30-100 kg
    

    1.07 FUgp
    13.4
    9.6
    7.9

    

    
Amino acidsThe standards in tables 1-2 denote the minimum content estimated to be necessary to ensure a maximum production. However, "maximum production" is not used for the tryptophan standard for weaners. Here, the standard also takes into account an increased feed price when a high dosage of tryptophan is added. A safety margin has not been included in the amino acid standards. The standards for weaners, growers and finishers are based on feeding ad lib or on approximate ad lib.
    
The standards were revised in:
    1990:
    
    		The standards for the first five amino acids were revised on the basis of the latest weaner trials.
    

    1991:
    
    		The standards for male pigs were reduced by 10% on the basis of the latest Danish trials. Therefore there are no specific standards for male pigs.
    

    1996:
    
    		Standards were established for the remaining six amino acids.
    

    1998:
    
    		Standards were incorporated for use in phase feeding.
    

    2001:
    
    		The standards for methionine, methionine + cystine, and threonine for sows were revised. Furthermore, the standards for leucine for weaners and growers, and for methionine for finishers were revised.
    

    2002:
    
    		The standards for threonine and tryptophan for weaners were revised. New amino acid standards and recommendations for minimum content of crude protein were incorporated that apply to the new feed evaluation system introduced in the summer of 2002. The amino acid standards were changed from apparent faecal digestible to standardised ileal digestible. The standards for histidine and leucine for growers (20-45 kg) were changed in the new feed evaluation system, as there was no agreement between the standards for the different weight intervals for these two amino acids.
    

    2004:
    
    		The threonine standard for finishers was increased and the standards for several of the amino acids were adjusted slightly, as the composition of the ideal protein was illogical for certain weight intervals. Furthermore, the weight intervals were standardized, which means that 30-100 kg is used in all tables for unity mixes for finishers.
    

    2005:
    
    		Standards were introduced for heavier pigs (slaughtered at 110-115 kg) in the weight interval 65-110 kg.
    

    2006:
    
    		The standard for tryptophan for weaners was revised.
    


    

    
Table 1. Amino acid standards for growers and finishers, g digestible per FUgp
    

    Weight interval, kg 
    

    20-45 
    30-45 
    30-55 
    45-65*
    
30-100     
    55-75*
    
45-100     
    55-100 
    65-100 
    75-100
    
65-110     
    Lysine
    

    8.7
    7.9
    7.7
    7.4
    7.1
    6.9
    6.7
    6.4
    Methionine
    

    2.6
    2.4
    2.3
    2.2
    2.1
    2.1
    2.0
    1.9
    Methionine + cystine
    

    4.9
    4.5
    4.4
    4.3
    4.2
    4.1
    4.0
    3.8
    Threonine
    

    5.5
    5.1
    5.0
    4.9
    4.7
    4.6
    4.5
    4.4
    Tryptophan
    

    1.6
    1.5
    1.45
    1.4
    1.35
    1.3
    1.3
    1.25
    Isoleucine
    

    5.0
    4.6
    4.5
    4.3
    4.1
    4.0
    3.9
    3.8
    Leucine
    

    9.0
    8.4
    8.3
    8.1
    7.8
    7.6
    7.4
    7.1
    Histidine
    

    3.0
    2.8
    2.8
    2.7
    2.6
    2.6
    2.5
    2.4
    Phenylalanine
    

    5.1
    4.7
    4.6
    4.5
    4.3
    4.2
    4.1
    3.9
    Phenylalanine + tyrosine
    

    10.0
    9.2
    9.0
    8.6
    8.3
    8.1
    7.9
    7.6
    Valine
    

    6.3
    5.8
    5.6
    5.4
    5.2
    5.1
    4.9
    4.7
    Crude protein, minimum
    

    140
    135
    133
    130
    127
    125
    122
    118
    * The short weight intervals apply at phase feeding
    


    

    
Table 2. Amino acid standards for sows and weaners, g digestible per FUgp/FUsow
    

    

    Age, weeks 
    
    		Gestating sows 
    
    		Lactating sows 
    

    3-5 
    5-8 
    5-11 
    20-30 
    Weight interval, kg 
    


    
6-9     

    
9-20     

    
9-30     

    

    Unit
    

    Per FUsow
    Per FUsow
    Per Fugp
    Per Fugp
    Per Fugp
    Per Fugp
    Lysine
    

    3.3
    6.0
    10.8
    10.2
    9.8
    9.2
    Methionine
    

    1.6
    1.9
    3.5
    3.2
    3.1
    2.9
    Methionine + cystine
    

    3.2
    3.6
    5.8
    5.4
    5.2
    5.1
    Threonine
    

    3.0
    3.9
    6.5
    6.1
    6.0
    5.7
    Tryptophan
    

    1.0
    1.2
    2.1**
    2.0**
    1.9**
    1.8**
    Isoleucine
    

    3.0
    4.2
    6.3
    5.9
    5.7
    5.3
    Leucine
    

    2.6
    7.0
    10.9
    10.3
    10.0
    9.5
    Histidine
    

    1.2
    2.5
    3.6
    3.4
    3.3
    3.1
    Phenylalanine
    

    1.9
    3.6
    6.1
    5.8
    5.6
    5.3
    Phenylalanine + tyrosine
    

    3.6
    7.0
    12.0
    11.3
    11.0
    10.5
    Valine
    

    3.5
    5.0
    7.6
    7.2
    7.0
    6.6
    Crude protein, min.
    

    90
    110
    155
    150
    148
    145
    * If it is not possible to obtain an average feed intake in the lactation period of min. 6 FUsow a day, it may be necessary to increase the amino acid content per FUsow by 8% for all amino acids.
    

    ** The current tryptophan standards for weaners are established on the basis of an optimum gross margin, ie. the evaluation includes the price of the addition of tryptophan. Trials have demonstrated that maximum productivity is obtained when the standard is increased from the current approx. 19.5% to 22% of the lysine standard (corresponding to approx. 0.25 g digestible tryptophan more than stated in the table). By increasing the content from 19.5% to 22%, feed conversion is expected to improve by approx. 2% and daily gain by approx. 4%. It is recommended to increase the tryptophan content to this level, if the increase in feed price does not become so large that there is no room on the bottom line for a profit on the basis of the expected productivity.
    


    

    
Tables 1-2 denote the minimum content of crude protein. If this is met, one has generally ensured a sufficient supply of the last six amino acids that are normally not added in the form of synthetic amino acids. In diets with a lower protein content than stated in the standards, one must ensure that the standards for all eleven amino acids are met. As an example of deficiency, table 3 shows the importance of a 5% deficiency of the first limiting amino acid.
    
Table 3. The importance of the first limiting amino acid (rule of thumb)
    

    5% deficiency means: 
    

    Weaners, 7-30 kg 
    Finishers, 30-100 kg 
    Daily gain, g
    

    -14
    -15
    Increased feed conversion, FU/kg gain
    

    0.04
    0.05
    Lean meat %, percentage unit
    

    -
    -0.3

    

    

    
Minerals 
    
The standards are stated as the pigs' requirements plus a safety margin. In general, it cannot be recommended to add minerals beyond the standard. This particularly applies to calcium, as calcium interacts with some of the micro minerals, which means that a high calcium content may inhibit the utilisation of these micro minerals.
    
The standard for digestible phosphorus is a minimum standard, and does thus not include a safety margin.
    
The mineral standards in tables 4 and 5 are denoted as total amount in the feed.
    
The standards were revised in:
    1991:
    
    		The selenium standard was revised.
    

    1995:
    
    		Standards for digestible phosphorus for growers and finishers were incorporated.
    

    1997:
    
    		The standards for calcium and digestible phosphorus for sows and weaners were revised.
    

    1998:
    
    		Phase feeding standards for phosphorus were incorporated.
    

    2000:
    
    		The calcium standards for sows and weaners were revised.
    

    2002:
    
    		The recommendations for total-phosphorus content in the feed with addition of phytase were revised, and a calcium standard was incorporated for use of phytase.
    

    2005:
    
    		The standard for digestible phosphorus is a minimum standard.
    

    2006:
    
    		The standard for digestible phosphorus for weaners was revised. Furthermore, the guiding minimum content of total-P was revised, and recommendations for double dosis of phytase were introduced.
    


    

    
Table 4. Mineral standards for sows and weaners, total amount per feed unit
    

    


    

    Sows 
    Weaners 

    

    Gestating 
    Lactating 
    6-9 kg 
    9-20 kg 
    9-30 kg 
    20-30 kg 
    Calcium, g
    

    7.0
    8.0
    7.0
    8.5
    8.5
    8.5
    +addition of phytase, g 
    

    6.5
    7.5
    6.5
    8.0
    8.0
    8.0
    Dig. phosphorus, g
    

    2.2
    2.7
    3.2
    3.1
    3.0
    2.8
    Sodium, g
    

    1.5
    1.5
    1.5
    1.5
    1.5
    1.5
    Chloride, g
    

    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    Potassium, g
    

    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    Magnesium, g
    

    0.4
    0.4
    0.4
    0.4
    0.4
    0.4
    Iron, mg
    

    80
    80
    1501
    1501
    1501
    1501
    Copper, mg
    

    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    Manganese, mg
    

    40
    40
    40
    40
    40
    40
    Zinc, mg
    

    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    Iodine, mg
    

    0.2
    0.2
    0.2
    0.2
    0.2
    0.2
    Selenium, mg2
    

    0.2
    0.2
    0.35
    0.35
    0.35
    0.35
    1 Of this, at least 100 mg easily soluble iron salt.
    
2 According to the Danish Feedstuff Act, diets must not contain more than 0.5 mg selenium per kg complete diet. Depending on the composition of the diet, this means that 0.2 to 0.35 mg selenium can be added per feed unit.
    


    
Table 5. Mineral standards for growers and finishers, total amount per feed unit (FUgp)
    

    


    

    20-45 kg
    30-45 kg
    30-100 kg
    45-100 kg
    65-100 kg
    Calcium, g
    

    8.0
    7.5
    7.0
    7.0
    6.5
    + addition of phytase, g
    

    7.5
    7.0
    6.5
    6.5
    6.0
    Dig. phosphorus, g
    

    2.6
    2.3
    2.2
    2.1
    2.0
    Sodium, g
    

    1.5
    1.5
    1.5
    1.5
    1.5
    Chloride, g
    

    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    Potassium, g
    

    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    2.5
    Magnesium, g
    

    0.4
    0.4
    0.4
    0.4
    0.4
    Iron, mg
    

    80
    80
    80
    80
    80
    Copper, mg
    

    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    Manganese, mg
    

    40
    40
    40
    40
    40
    Zinc, mg
    

    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    Iodine, mg
    

    0.2
    0.2
    0.2
    0.2
    0.2
    Selenium, mg1
    

    0.2
    0.2
    0.2
    0.2
    0.2
    1 According to the Danish Feedstuff Act, diets must not contain more than 0.5 mg selenium per kg complete diet. Depending on the composition of the diet, this means that 0.2 to 0.35 mg selenium can be added per feed unit.
    


    

    
Digstible phosphorus
    
As the content of digestible phosphorus in the feed cannot be analysed, the feed's content of digestible phosphorus should be assessed on the basis of the total content of phosphorus. In table 6, the guiding minimum content of total phosphorus in diets with phytase are shown.
    
Table 6.  Guiding minimum content of total phosphorus in complete diets with adiditon of phytase, g per feed unit
    


    

    Complete diet with normal dosis phytase*
    Complete diet with double dosis phytase*
    Weaners, 9-30 kg
    

    5.2 g
    4.9 g
    Growers and finishers, 30-100 kg
    

    4.1 g
    3.8 g
    Gestating sows
    

    4.1 g
    3.8 g
    Lactating sows
    

    4.9 g
    4.6 g
    The prerequisites of the calculations are:
    
- The use of traditional diets based on grain and soybean meal.
    
- The use of a phosphorus source (monocalcium phosphate) with a phosphorus digestibility of 67%.
    
* A normal dosis of phytase corresponds to the addition of 500 FTU (Natufos) or 500 PPU (Phyzyme) or 750 FYT (Ronozyme-P) to heat-treated feed. In meal feed that is not heat-treated, a normal dosis phytase corresponds to the addition of the following amounts of phytase: 300 FTU or 300 PPU or 450 FYT (please note, the smallest legal dosage is 500 FYT). Double dosis corresponds to the double level of a normal dosis.
    


    

    
VitaminsBesides the pigs' minimum requirements, the standards include a safety margin to ensure maximum productivity and reproduction. The standards for certain vitamins also take into consideration maximum health to the extent that this is documented. The standards were revised in 1990. However, the standard for vitamin E for lactating sows was changed in May 2004, and the standard for weaners was revised in June 2005.
    
Contrary to the standards for minerals, the vitamin standards are denoted in added amounts without regard to the vitamin content of the basis feed (cf. table 7). This is due to the fact that the feedstuffs' natural vitamin content varies greatly simultaneously with a generally low availability. It cannot be recommended to add vitamins beyond the standard.
    
Table 7. Vitamin standards for pigs, added amount per FUgp/FUsow
    


    

    Gestating sows
    Lactating sows
    Weaners,3-5 weeks, approx. 6-9 kg
    Weaners,5-10 weeks, approx. 9-30 kg
    Finishers, 30-100 kg
    Vitamin A, i.e.
    

    8000
    8000
    8000
    5000
    4000
    Vitamin D3, i.e.
    

    800
    800
    800
    500
    400
    Vitamin E, mg*
    

    36
    150
    130
    130**
    36
    Vitamin K3, mg
    

    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    Thiamine (B1), mg
    

    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    Riboflavin (B2), mg
    

    5
    5
    4
    4
    2
    Pyridoxine (B6), mg
    

    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    Niacin, mg
    

    20
    20
    20
    20
    20
    Biotin, mg
    

    0.2
    0.2
    0.2
    0.2
    0.05
    D-pantothenic acid, mg
    

    15
    15
    10
    10
    10
    Folic acid, mg
    

    1.5
    1.5
    0
    0
    0
    Vitamin B12, mcg
    

    20
    20
    20
    20
    20
    * As dl-alpha-tocopherol
    

    ** When using a diet from 20 to 30 kg, vitamin E can be reduced to 36 mg per FUgp. The 130 mg per FUgp were documented in the period 6-20 kg.
    

    
作者: jtaosung    時(shí)間: 2008-3-2 12:33
    
是一片不錯(cuò)的文章
    
我感受非常的好,如果我們經(jīng)常閱讀些國(guó)外的新資料是對(duì)自己的提高
    
作者: bonderic    時(shí)間: 2008-3-3 15:50
    
確實(shí)是這樣的，大家可以有空訂閱一下feed international或者是其它的雜志，多多了解一下國(guó)外的一些新的信息，我感覺(jué)國(guó)內(nèi)這方面的信息傳播力度還是不夠。




    

    

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